Medicines, shaken and stirred: a critical review on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures.

نویسنده

  • Thomas Backhaus
چکیده

Analytical monitoring surveys routinely confirm that organisms in the environment are exposed to complex multi-component pharmaceutical mixtures. We are hence tasked with the challenge to take this into consideration when investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceuticals. This review first provides a brief overview of the fundamental approaches for mixture toxicity assessment, which is then followed by a critical review on the empirical evidence that is currently at hand on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures. It is concluded that, while the classical concepts of concentration addition and independent action (response addition) provide a robust scientific footing, several knowledge gaps remain. This includes, in particular, the need for more and better empirical data on the effects of pharmaceutical mixtures on soil organisms as well as marine flora and fauna, and exploring the quantitative consequences of toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic and ecological interactions. Increased focus should be put on investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures in environmentally realistic settings.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals.

Low levels of human medicines (pharmaceuticals) have been detected in many countries in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents, surface waters, seawaters, groundwater and some drinking waters. For some pharmaceuticals effects on aquatic organisms have been investigated in acute toxicity assays. The chronic toxicity and potential subtle effects are only marginally known, however. Here, we critic...

متن کامل

Persian Herbal Medicines with Anxiolytic Properties

Anxiety disorders are amongst the most popular diseases which interfere with normal life. Benzodiazepines are used as a first line of treatment, but difficulties with pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders such as dependence and low response rate, encourage researchers to find new approaches. From the past, the role of medicinal plants have been a subject of intense interest. In this respect, Ci...

متن کامل

Shaken, not stirred: bioanalytical study of the antioxidant activities of martinis.

BACKGROUND Moderate consumption of alcoholic drinks seems to reduce the risks of developing cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cataracts, perhaps through antioxidant actions of their alcohol, flavonoid, or polyphenol contents. "Shaken, not stirred" routinely identifies the way the famous secret agent James Bond requires his martinis. OBJECTIVES As Mr Bond is not afflicted by cataracts or car...

متن کامل

Rotifers: Aquaculture, Ecology, Gerontology, and Ecotoxicology. Hagiwara A, Yoshinaga T (eds.). Fisheries Science Series. 2017. Springer Publishing Company. 184 p. ISBN: 978-981-10-5633-8. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5635-2.

The present study was conducted to introduce and review the book titled "Rotifers: Aquaculture, Ecology, Gerontology, and Ecotoxicology". This book shows the latest advances in rotifers studies in various fields, including aquaculture, ecology, gerontology, and ecotoxicology. In the book, various subjects has been studied, including speciation in the Brachionus plicatilis species complex, mass ...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

دوره 369 1656  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2014